article Application of research and research teaching methods in geographical
education
Lubomír Hanel
information
year: 2022
issue: 3
fulltext: PDF
online publishing date: 17/1/2023
DOI: 10.14712/25337556.2022.3.3
ISSN (Online): 2533-7556
Toto dílo podléhá licenci Creative Commons Uveďte původ 4.0 Mezinárodní License.
abstract
Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory invertebrates within the phylum Annelida. The majority of leeches live in freshwater habitats, while some species can be found in terrestrial or marine environments. A majority of leech species are predatory, mostly preying on small invertebrates. The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is hematophagous. Leeches are protandric hermaphrodites. Their eggs are enclosed in a cocoon; members of one family, Glossiphoniidae, exhibit parental care, the eggs being brooded by the parent. Many leeches avoid light. Leeches live in damp surroundings and in general respire through their body wall. The exception to this is in the family Piscicolidae, where branching or leaf-like lateral outgrowths from the body wall form gills. Leeches move using their longitudinal and circular muscles in a modification of locomotion by peristalsis, which is self-propulsion by alternately contracting and lengthening parts of the body, seen in other annelids such as earthworms. They use their posterior and anterior suckers to enable them to progress by looping or inching along, in the manner of geometer moth caterpillars. Leeches explore their environment with head movements and body waving. Hirudinidae and Erpobdellidae can swim rapidly with up-and-down or sideways undulations of the body; the Glossiphoniidae in contrast are poor swimmers and curl up and fall to the sediment below when disturbed. In this article some observations of leeches in a school aquarium are presented.
keywords
school aquarium, rearing, leeches, Hirudinea, observations, experiments
fulltext (PDF )
References
Buchar J., Ducháč V., Hůrka K., Lellák J., 1995: Klíč k určování bezobratlých. Scientia, Praha.
de Eguileor M., Daniel S., Giordana B., Lanzavecchia G., Valvassori R., 1994: Trophic exchanges between parent and young during development of Glossiphonia complanata (Annelida, Hirudinea). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 269, 5: 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402690502 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402690502
Elliott J. M., Kutschera U., 2011: Medicinal leeches: historical use, ecology, genetics and conservation. Freshwater Reviews. 4: 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1608/FRJ-4.1.417
Gross M. P., Apesos J., 1992: The use of leeches for treatment of venous congestion of the nipple following breast surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 16: 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01570698
Hall F. G., 1922: The vital limit of exsiccation of certain animals. Biology Bulletin, 42: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/1536720
Hanel L., Lišková E., 2003: Stručný obrazový klíč k určování hlavních skupin vodních bezobratlých. Skriptum Pedagogické fakulty UK, Praha, 75 s.
Hrabě S., 1954: Pijavky. Klíč zvířeny ČSR, díl 1, nakl. Československé akademie věd, 321-323.
Koldová A., 2021: Pijavice (Hirudinea) a jejich využití ve výuce. Diplomová práce, Katedra biologie a environmentálních studií, Pedagogická fakulta UK, Praha, 80 s.
Košel V. 1988: Pijavice (Hirudinea) ČSSR a jich hodnocení v bioindikácii saprobity. Hodnocení bentosu tekoucích vod. Ministerstvo lesního a vodního hospodářství a dřevozpracujícího průmyslu Československé republiky, 45-60.
Kubová N., 2015: Životní strategie pijavic (Clitellata: Hirudinida) v podmínkách stojatých a tekoucích vod. Dizertační práce, Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, 104 s.
Kubová N., Schenková J., 2012: A comparison of two semi-quantitative methods for free-living leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) collecting. Lauterbornia, 75: 79-86.
Kubová N., Schenková J., 2014: Tolerance, optimum ranges and ecological requirements of free-living leech species (Clitellata: Hirudinida). Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 185, 2: 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/2014/0594
Kubová N., Schenková J., Horsák M., 2013: Environmental determinants of leech assemblage patterns in lotic and lenitic habitats. Limnologica, 43, 6: 516-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2013.05.001
Kutschera U., 1989: Reproductive behaviour and parental care of the leech Helobdella californica (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae). Zoologischer Antzeiger, 222, 1-2: 122-128.
Kutschera U., Elliott J. M., 2014: The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 91, 2: 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Kutschera U., Roth M., 2005: Cannibalism in a population of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis L.). Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia / Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk, 32, 6: 751-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10525-005-0154-7
Kutschera U., Wirtz P., 1986: Reproductive behaviour and parental care of Helobdefla striata (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae): a leech that feeds its young. Ethology, 72: 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00613.x
Kutschera U., Wirtz P., 2001: The evolution of parental care in freshwater leeches, Theory Bioscienses, 120: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-001-0012-1
Lellák J., Kořínek V., Fott J., Kořínková J., Punčochář P., 1972: Biologie vodních živočichů. Skriptum UniverzityKarlovy v Praze, Fakulty přírodovědecké, SPN Praha, 220 s.
Lent C. M., 1986: New medical and scientific uses of the leech. Nature, London, 323: 494. https://doi.org/10.1038/323494a0
Mann K. H., Tyler M. J., 1963: Leeches as endoparasites of frogs. Nature, 197: 1224-1225. https://doi.org/10.1038/1971224a0
Misell L. M., Shaw B. K., Kristan W. B. Jr., 1998: Behavioral hierarchy in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis:feeding as a dominant behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 90, 1: 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00072-7
Molnár K., Székely C., Láng M., 2019: Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara,FAO, 124 s.
Niedlová E., 2013: Pijavka lékařská (Hirudo medicinalis) a CITES, Bakalářská práce, Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Zemědělská fakulta, 93 s.
Phillips A. J., Govedich F. R., Moser W. E., 2020: Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 12: 318-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.09.003
Rybak J. I., 1971: Przewodnik do rozpoznawania niektórych bezgregowych zwierzat slodkowodnych. Panstwowe wydawnictwo naukowe, Warszawa, 75 s.
Salman M. D., Shebli M. K., Alfalahi M. J. O., Aenab A. M., Singh S. K., 2017: Sorting of Glossiphonia complanata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) from three aquatic plants in Tigris River within Baghdad city. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26, 3: 851-853.
Sedlák E., 2005: Zoologie bezobratlých. 2., přeprac. vyd. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
Sawyer R. T., Lepont F., Stuart D. K., Kamer A. P., 1981: Growth and reproduction of the giant glossiphonid leech Haementeria ghiljanii. Biology Bulletin, 160: 322-331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540892
Shikov E. V., 2011: Haemopis sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hirudinea) – The first observation of a lech predation on terrestrial gastropods. Folia Malacologica, 19, 2: 103-106. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10125-011-0016-5
Schenková J., Sychra J., 2017: Hirudinea (pijavice), 63-67. In: Hejda R., Farkač J., Chobot K. [eds.] Červený seznam ohrožených druhů České republiky, bezobratlí. Příroda, 36, Praha, 612 s.
Schenková J., Sychra J., Košel V., Kubová N., Horecký J., 2009: Freshwater leeches (Annelida: Clitellata: Hirudinida) of the Czech Republic (Central Europe): check-list, new records, and remarks on species distributions. Zootaxa, 2227: 32-52. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2227.1.2
Sket B., Dovč P., Jalžič B., Kerovec M., Kučinič M., Trontelj P., 2001: A cave leech (Hirudinea, Erpobdellidae) from Crooatia with unique morphological features. Zoologica Scripta, 30: 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00065.x
Sládeček V., Košel V., 1984: Indicator value of freshwater leeches (Hirudinea) with a key to the determination of European species. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica, 12, 5: 451-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19840120502
Spencer W., Jones G., 2007: The captive breeding and educational display of the Medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis(Linnaeus 1758) at Bristol Zoo Gardens. International Zoo Yearbook, 41, 1: 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00005.x
Strakošová J., 2010: Hirudo medicinalis (pijavka lékařská) – hledání příčin jeho kritického ohrožení v České republice. Bakalářská práce. Masarykova univerzita. Ústav botaniky a zoologie. Přírodovědecká fakulta.
Strakošová J., 2012: Studie populací pijavky lékařské (Hirudo medicinalis) – habitatové preference a variabilita zbarvení břišní strany těla. Diplomová práce, Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botanikya zoologie, 79 s.
Sychra J., Schenková J., 2009: Pijavice České republiky na počá tku 21. století. Živa, 6: 267-270.
Utevsky А., Solod R., Utevsky S., 2021: A new deep-sea fish leech of the bipolar genus Pterobdellina stat. rev. (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) parasitic on the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni (Perciformes: Nototheniidae). Marine Biodiversity, 51, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01140-1
Young J. O., Ironmonger J. W., 1980: A laboratory study of the food of three species of leeches occurring in British lakes. Hydrobiologia, 68: 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018828
Young J. O., Ironmonger J. W., 1982: The influence of temperature on the life cycle and occurrence of three species of lake-dwelling leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea). Journal of Zoology, 196, 4: 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb03522.x
Young J. O., Splelling S. M., 1989: Food utilization and niche overlap in three species of lake-dwelling leeches (Hirudinea). Journal of Zoology, 219, 2: 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02579.x