VZNIK A EVOLUCE HOMO SAPIENS – OD KROMAŇONCŮ K ARCHAICKÉMU HOMO SAPIENS
Cílem práce je objasnit základní přístupy a nejdůležitější objevy a metody, které vedly ke změnám v názorech na vznik a evoluci druhu Homo sapiens. K tomu vede i nová koncepce, která odlišuje archaické formy Homo sapiens a moderní formy Homo sapiens, tedy anatomicky moderního člověka, neandrtálce a asijské denisovany. Nejdůležitější roli hrají nové a revidované objevy nejstarších zástupců archaického Homo a výzkumy paleogenetické, které v současné době tvoří součást paleoantropologie. Nejstarší zástupci Homo sapiens se objevují před 1,4 milionem let. Na tom se shodují paleoantropologická i paleogenetická data. Nejstarší formy archaického Homo sapiens vymírají před 800–700 tisíci lety a jsou nahrazeny pokročilými formami archaického Homo sapiens, známými také jako Homo heidelbergenesis. Populace pokročilého Homo sapiens se vyvíjejí do jisté míry nezávisle. Z afrických populací vzniká před 350 tisíci lety anatomicky moderní člověk a z evropských populací pak neandrtálci a předci asijských denisovanů. V průběhu risského zalednění (320–140 tisíc let) se pak v Africe a v mediteránní oblasti dokončuje evoluce anatomicky moderního člověka, na konci risského zalednění vznikají klasičtí neandrtálci, kteří podle všeho vytlačují anatomicky moderního člověka z Eurasie. Po předposledním zalednění se neandrtálci mění, zvětšuje se jim mozek a skelet včetně lebky je gracilnější. Dochází k mnohačetné hybridizaci neandrtálců a anatomicky moderního člověka. Třetí lidská skupina, asijští denisované, je velmi dobře doložena geneticky, ale fosilní nálezy jsou vzácné a velmi fragmentární. Denisované se křížili jak s neandrtálci, tak s anatomicky moderním člověkem, zvláště s původními obyvateli Austrálie a Papuy-Nové Guinei. Nová data, metody a přístupy tedy prokazují, že fylogeneze druhu Homo sapiens byla mnohem delší a komplikovanější, než se původně předpokládalo.
Homo sapiens, Evoluce, Archaický Homo sapiens, Anatomicky moderní člověk, Neandrtálci, Denisované, Vědy o člověku, Vzdělávání
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