article SUBJECT MATTERS OF EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS OF WATER ANIMALS IN SCHOOL
AQUARIUM XXII (FLATWORMS, TURBELLARIA)
Lubomír Hanel
information
year: 2024
issue: 4
fulltext: PDF
online publishing date: 22/4/2025
DOI: 10.14712/25337556.2024.4.3
ISSN (Online): 2533-7556
Toto dílo podléhá licenci Creative Commons Uveďte původ 4.0 Mezinárodní License.
abstract
Turbellarians (flatworms) are mainly free-living and aquatic, but some are terrestial and live in moist, humid environments. Freshwater flatworms are identified by their soft, elongate, bilaterally symmetrical and flattened bodies, distinctly formed anterior and posterior sections. The flatworms have specialized receptors for detecting light, chemicals, vibrations, and water currents, and various types of pressures. It can also sense temperature gradients, electrical currents, gravity, and even magnetic current. The body is not segmented and ranges in length from <1–30 mm. Flatworms are covered with fine, hair-like cilia. They move by secreting a layer of mucous that covers the body to glide along on underwater surfaces. Some species use their cilia to swim, creating minute currents with the very small hairs on the bottom of their bodies. Most freshwater flatworms are free-living and can be found in ponds, lakes, streams, ditches, and temporary puddles. They live under rocks, plants, and debris to avoid direct sunlight. Freshwater flatworms are primarily predators and scavengers, feed predominantly on bacteria, protozoans, other small soft-bodies invertebrates, and other available animal matter. A lot of energy is used for the production of mucus to lubricate and protect the surface of the body and to help capture prey. A few species are herbivorous (eating only plant matter), feeding on microalgae. The mouth is located about midway down the underside of the body; this is the only opening to the digestive tract. During feeding, a muscular, tubelike pharynx extends out from the mouth and sucks food into the animal. Turbellarian are mostly hermaphroditic and reproduce sexually, but assexual reproduction by fission is also possible. The majority of sexual reproduction is through cross-fertilization (where both individuals fertilize each other). They can regenerate entirely from just a small body fragment. This ability has been considered to reside in pluripotent stem cells, which can give rise to all missing cell types. Some species of flatworms play an important role in watercourse ecosystems, they are sensitive to water quality and serve as indicators of reduced oxygen and other changes in their habitat. Some experiments and observations in school lab and aquaria (reaction to stimuli, negative phototaxy, positive rheotaxy, moving observation) are presented in this contribution).
keywords
flatworms, Turbellaria, school aquarium, observations, experiments
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